4. โครงสร้างคริสตัลของผาIn plates and films and similar bulky forms, P(3HB) isusually a multilamellar system that has been aggregatedinto multi-oriented lamellar crystals [160]. Spherulites areusually formed when P(3HB) chains are crystallized fromthe melt in bulk materials; the lamellar crystals grow radi-ally with twisting. The crystallographic a axis is radial withb and c axes rotating about it, and as a result the spherulitesusually have a banded texture [155,161]. The patterns ofthis banding will change depending both on the crystal-lization temperature and the molecular weight. Lamellarthicknesses in spherulites typically range from 4 nm to10 nm depending on the crystallization temperature [162].In order to understand the nature of these macrostructuresthough, it is important to understand the basic crystal unitsfrom which the lamellae are constructed, and the influenceof comonomer composition on those crystals.4.1. The ˛-form crystals of PHAThe most common crystal structure of the P(3HB)molecule is the -form, which is produced under thetypical conditions of melt, cold or solution crystalliza-tion. In oriented fibers it has been characterized usingX-ray diffraction analysis, and has been shown to adopta left-handed 21helix (G2T2)2(-form). The unit cellsare orthorhombic with a space group of P212121(D24) andwith dimensions a = 0.576 nm, b = 1.320 nm and c (the fiberperiod) = 0.596 nm [163]. Two molecules of the polyesterpass through the unit cell and the chains are anti-parallel.Conformational analysis based on potential energy calcu-lations indicate that the ester groups of the antiparallelchains within the unit cell are nearly at the same level,and the angles between dipoles was calculated to be∼60◦. From this it was concluded that the dipole–dipoleinteraction is one of the main factors governing the molec-ular packing [164]. P(3HV) is also orthorhombic with aspace group of P212121(D24), this time with dimensionsa = 0.592 nm, b = 1.008 nm and c (fiber axis) = 0.556 nm[165,166]. It also has a twofold screw left-handed sym-metry along the molecular axis. Crystallographic data fora range of mcl-PHA copolymers is reported in Sudesh andAbe [9].The crystalline morphology of folded single chain crys-tals has been shown to conform with the classical foldingbehavior of synthetic linear aliphatic/thermoplastics; thecrystallographic a-axis runs along the direction of eachcrystal and on the crystal surface carboxyl groups andhydroxyl groups seem to exist alternately [167]. PHAadopts a helical conformation due to the formation of afavorable carbonyl oxygen/methyl interaction, unlike pol-ypropylene for which the driving force is unfavorablemethyl/methyl (van der Waals) interactions [168,169].Because of this bipolar interaction between continuousanti-parallel helical chains, stabilized by the ester moieties,no intramolecular hydrogen bonds are needed to stabi-lize the helix, unlike proteins [16]. The crystal structureat the surface of P(3HB) thin films has been studied usinginfrared reflectance-absorption and transmission spectra;the results show that the C H· · ·O C hydrogen bonding ofP(3HB) exists along the a-axis (not the b-axis) between theCH3group of one helix and the C O group of another helix[170].Single crystals with well-defined structures arethe “monolamellar” form of PHA. Single crystals ofP(3HB) have been prepared from a dilute solution ofpolymer in many kinds of organic solvents, such aschloroform/ethanol [169,171], propylene carbonate[160,172–174], poly(ethylene glycol) [175], etc. The thick-ness is dependent on many factors including the molecularweight, solvent, and crystallization temperature. Typi-cally P(3HB) forms lathe-shaped single crystals, around∼5–10 m long and ∼0.3–2 m wide. These single crystalsare usually 4–10 nm thick, depending on the molecularweight, solvent and crystallization temperature. Solutiongrown lamellar crystals of P(3HV) (both synthetic andbacterial) are square-shaped with a width of 2–4 m anda thickness of 5–6 nm [168]. From the electron diffractiondiagram, the polymer chains are aligned perpendicular tothe base of the crystal. “The observation of a screw dislo-cation morphology suggests that the single crystals appearto be formed by the superposition of several monolamellarcrystals” [168].Single crystals of P(3HB-co-3HV) have also been pre-pared [16,167,172,176]. Mitomo et al. [172] looked at singlecrystals with six different 3HV contents (at <30% HV). Upto 10 mol% of HV, the crystals were very similar in mor-phology to those of P(3HB). However, between 17 and30 mol% HV, the crystals had morphological irregularitiesand a bumpy surface. In P(3HB-co-3HV) spherulites, thelong spacing (Lp) and lamellar core thickness (lc) valuesare 7–24 nm and 4–17 nm respectively when the (R)-3HVcontent is <21 mol%.
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