boa Diplomacy in the Media Age 105 on their own planes with many correspondents accompanying them and reporting their moves. This development has enabled highranking officials to use correspondents aboard their planes and those who are accompanying them to send signals, suggest proposals, make threats, and in general communicate with policymakers and domestic and global audiences this done without attribution: thus, a correspondent travelling with American secretary of state, for example, may be required by the preestablished ground rules of his interview to characterize his source as a senior State Department official' aboard the plane. The classic example of this variant was Henry Kissinger's 1973-74 shuttle diplomacy in the Middle East. Although Kissinger devoted little attention to the media in his public statements, memoirs and writings, he is probably the inventor of modern media diplomacy. 49 After 1973 Arab-Israeli war, Kissinger became a mediator between the two sides.30 His relentless efforts to achieve disengagement and interim agreements between Israel and its neighbours included the extensive use of senior American diplomatic correspondents aboard his plane.si He gave them background reports, information and leaks in an effort to affect the negotiations and his mediation effort. Mediation in the Arab-Israeli conflict at that time was extremely difficult, and frequently the talks ran into deadlocks. Kissinger's media diplomacy helped to secure concessions needed to break the deadlocks Kissinger was able to intimate relationship with the corre spondents aboard his plane, who knew more than the US ambassadors in the places he visited. For local journalists, policymakers and diplomats these correspondents became instant sources of information about the sec retary of state's aims and plans. Sensing the growing power of television attention to television reporte aboard his plane: Marvin Kalb of CBS, Ted Koppel of ABC and Richard Valeriani of NBC. They and others some of the best-known and most influential journalists in the United States fully supported his diplomatic missions and admired his sophisticated techniques.s2 Many leaders adopted some of Kissinger's techniques of media by global television and the local media. An American president visiting for eign countries is accompanied by hundreds of correspondents who follow every step of his schedule. Some are allowed to accompany him on his provides opportunities for media diplomacy but also requires very careful preparation and implementation
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