An instrument with multiple scaled items for the constructs of interest was developed as described in the previous section. The questionnaire needed to be pre-tested through a pilot study. Online shoppers were selected as pretest sample respondents. Based on their feedback, the questionnaire was further revised and finalised. The process of pilot testing was as follows:
(1) Sample responses: the questionnaire of 29 statements is designed to explore respondents’ perception of each construct. The pilot test had 70 responses, all from a paper-based survey. Ten invalid questionnaires were eliminated and 60 questionnaires retained for analysis. The response rate is 85.71%.
(2) The results of the pilot test: one e-service quality item (e-SQ1) (communalities 0.5), and two customer loyalty items (CL1, CL8) (communalities 0.5). The three statements were deleted after the pilot test. Ultimately, a final 26-item survey ques- tionnaire contained four parts: e-service quality measurement (13 items), customer satisfaction measurement (three items), customer loyalty measurement (six items) and customer perceived value measurement (four items).