Three cases of solar photovoltaic
Residential rooftop, integrated ground mounted and rooftop photovoltaic, and utility scale with the installed capacity more than 1 MW are case studies. Fixed tilted solar photovoltaic power plant is expected to have low O&M costs (normally 1% of the initial capital cost). It needs regular cleaning of dust from solar panel as well as occasional replacement of inverter (for every 11 years). In the market economy a PV power plant has to earn profit from investment. Required rate of return on investment is the rate that used for discounted future cash flows to obtain their present values.