preterm premature rupture of membrane, intrauterine
growth restriction, or spontaneous abortion. We had
insufficient power to examine individual pregnancy com-
plications, consequently we created a binary indicator
representing the occurrence of at least one complication.
In addition to the adverse pregnancy outcomes, we
examined the following potential risk factors: inadequate
prenatal care, delayed first prenatal care visit, no prenata
vitamin use prior to first prenatal care visit, recent smoking
drinking since pregnant, recent drug use, and self reported
depression. Prenatal and delivery records were reviewed to
determine the number of prenatal care visits and the gesta-
tional age at first visit. TheKotelchuckAdequacy of Prenata
Care Utilization Index was calculated fromthemonth of firs
prenatal visit, the number of visits, and gestational age a
delivery [18]. For the purpose of this analysis, the adequacy
of prenatal care was coded as adequate or inadequate
preterm premature rupture of membrane, intrauterine
growth restriction, or spontaneous abortion. We had
insufficient power to examine individual pregnancy com-
plications, consequently we created a binary indicator
representing the occurrence of at least one complication.
In addition to the adverse pregnancy outcomes, we
examined the following potential risk factors: inadequate
prenatal care, delayed first prenatal care visit, no prenata
vitamin use prior to first prenatal care visit, recent smoking
drinking since pregnant, recent drug use, and self reported
depression. Prenatal and delivery records were reviewed to
determine the number of prenatal care visits and the gesta-
tional age at first visit. TheKotelchuckAdequacy of Prenata
Care Utilization Index was calculated fromthemonth of firs
prenatal visit, the number of visits, and gestational age a
delivery [18]. For the purpose of this analysis, the adequacy
of prenatal care was coded as adequate or inadequate
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