Moreover, undesired flavor characteristics, due to a
lack of distinctive compounds, was observed. In addition, putrefactive Staphylococcus and Enterococcus
spp. were present only during salt-reduced fermentation. To control these adverse effects, a single or
mixed culture of two indigenous yeasts, Torulaspora delbrueckii and Pichia guilliermondii, producing high
ethanol and 3-methyl-1-butanol, respectively, were tested. Overall, all types of yeast applications
inhibited undesirable bacterial growth despite salt reduction. Of the starter cultures tested, the mixed
culture resulted in a balance of more complex and richer flavors with an identical flavor profile pattern to
that obtained from high salt soy sauce