The first three years: Milestones and developmental sequences
Children have different growth and development. However, most passes through an identifiable skill set along the way. It's called milestones and developmental sequences, that are the order in the development sequentially and continuously of a language are acquired in language learning such as cooing and babbling in the infancy time or negative and question in children age of first three years.
The children all over the world have similar development sequences. So, you can see the development sequences of children as follows.
-First year, Babies crying when they uncomfortable or hungry. They’re cooing and gurgling when they’re attending something around them and babies begin utterance that follow languages they hear.
-End of their first year, most babies understand the frequent words. They appearing reflection to someone. For example: when someone says ‘bye-bye’, babies wave the hand reply to someone. Babies clap when someone says ‘pat-a-cake’.
-Twelve months, Babies begin to learn words from everyone recognize and they will learn to say that words.
-Age of two, most children begin to combine words into simple sentences such as ‘Mommy milk’, ‘Baby fall down’. These sentences called ‘Telegraphic’ that are pronunciation of two words and short phrases. Moreover, children combine words to sentences even if missing of function words and grammatical morphemes. So, the word order children used reflects the word order of language they are hearing such as they says ‘more outside’ mean ‘I want to go outside again’.
As children progress through the discovery of language in their first three years, they have developmental stages and cognitive development as follows.
- Children understanding of time or call temporal adverbs such as tomorrow, last week.
-They understand mastery of the linguistic elements. For example, children can differentiate between singular and plural before adding plural endings.
1.Grammatical morphemes
- Roger Brown and his team (1960) study of the language development of three children (Adam, Eve and Sarah) they found that fourteen grammatical morphemes. That shows some of morphemes children studied such as present progressive (-ing), plural (-s), possessive (‘s). Besides, they found the children are the same age did not acquire the morphemes. For example: Eve had mastered nearly all the morphemes before she was two and a half years old, while Sarah and Adam were still working on them when were three and a half or four years old.
-Jill and Peter de Villiers (1973) found the children that Adam, Eve and Sarah mastered the morphemes at different age, just as children had done, but the order of their acquisition was very similar, which is caused by the frequency with which the morphemes occur in parents’ speech, the cognitive complexity of the meanings represented by each morpheme, and the pronouncing of them.
-Jean Berko Gleason used “wug test” (The wug test is an experiment in linguistics, created by Jean Berko Gleason in 1958.) explore children’s knowledge of grammatical morphemes. She found the children demonstrate that they know rules for the formation of plural and simple past in English. They are show that their language is not just a list of memorized word pairs such as “book/books” and “nod/nodded”
2.Negative
Children learn the negation very firstly.
Lois Bloom’s (1991) longitudinal studies show, He found the children understand negative and express it but they will appear as a single words and gestures. Using of negative in children has the stage in the development that observed in the acquisition of English. In the beginning, the children will use the single word ‘no’ most frequently, either all alone or as first word in the utterance. Stage 2, Negative sentences often use ‘don't’. They begin to use longer utterances and the negative word appears before the verb. Stage 3, The negative element is enclosed into a more complex sentence but the negative words do not change forms for different tenses or persons and then stage 4, Children begin to use auxiliary verbs such as ‘do’ and ‘be’ add the negative element to the correct form. But, they will yet have problem with some other features related to negatives.
3.Questions
There is a predictable sequence in which the question of ‘wh-words’ emerge (Bloom 1991). In the beginning, ‘What’ is first word that children used in wh-question. After that, ‘Where’ and ‘who’ that locating and identifying people and objects. This is type of questions in the early days of language learning. It’s supported by the fact that adults frequently ask children. Next, ‘Why’ the wh-question is appearing in the end of the second year. For next year or two, it becomes favorites question they use because they will have curiosity in several ways such as ‘Why that lady has blue hair?’ Finally, the children begin to understand manner and time, ‘How’ and ‘When’ emerge. Children have using of question sentence that is stage in the development of the acquisition as follows. Stage 1, Children uses single words or simple sentence with rising intonation to ask. Stages 2, Children uses the word order of declarative sentence and begin to ask new question. Stage 3, Children notice the structure of question that questions are formed by putting a verb form or question word at the front of a sentence and begin to produce question from structure such as ‘Can I go?’ ‘Are you happy’. This stage is called ‘fronting’. Stage 4, Children begins to use subject-auxiliary inversion. The questions are more variety in the auxiliaries that appear before the subject in the declarative version of the sentence. Children may find inversion in yes/no questions. They able to choose yes/no questions or wh- questions in questioning but not both. Stage 5, Children uses both ‘yes/no questions’ and ‘wh- questions’ that are correct form but negative questions may still be a bit too difficult such as ‘Why the teddy bear can't go outside?’. Finally, Stage 6 Children are able to correctly form all question types.
The pre-school years
By the age of four, the children use correct word order and grammatical markers to ask questions, give commands, report events and create stories. They have mastered the basic structure of their language. Three and four year olds, they learn many vocabulary of a day and acquire more complex linguistic structures.
In a widening social environment, most of children in pre-school will develop the ability to use their language cause them language in situation is a greater.
Children have more interaction with unfamiliar adults. They acquire the aggressive language needed to defend their toys in the playground that show they know the difference between how adults talk to babies and how they talk to each other. These can be observed in pretend play using different voices.
Other than, they begin to understand how and why language varies and then the children also develop metalinguistic awareness that is the ability to treat language as an object separate from the meaning it conveys. They may show that they know it's a bit odd, but they will focus mainly on the fact that they can understand what it means.
The school years
School setting brings new opportunities for language development. Children have developed more sophisticated metalinguistic awareness. They acquire complex knowledge and skills for language use. Knowing that words and sentences can have multiple meanings that give access to word jokes and riddles. In the early school years, they have growth of vocabulary. Children understand and produce several hundreds to a thousand words a year that depends on how much and how widely children read.
Another important development in the school years is the acquisition of different language registers that a style or way of using language that is appropriate for a particular setting as follows: the children used in writing a research report is different from that used in writing a letter to a friend. They learn how written language is different from spoken language, they learn how the language used to speak to the principal is different form the language of the playground, and they learn how the language of a science report is different form the language of a narrative
and speaking the standard variety in school instead of the ethnic or regional variety that is spoken at home.
These children’s ways of learn language does not stop. Even though they through development sequences because afterward, they will appear to learn new elements in their language. Which of these ways cause them to learn the language that is spoken around them.
The first three years: Milestones and developmental sequences
Children have different growth and development. However, most passes through an identifiable skill set along the way. It's called milestones and developmental sequences, that are the order in the development sequentially and continuously of a language are acquired in language learning such as cooing and babbling in the infancy time or negative and question in children age of first three years.
The children all over the world have similar development sequences. So, you can see the development sequences of children as follows.
-First year, Babies crying when they uncomfortable or hungry. They’re cooing and gurgling when they’re attending something around them and babies begin utterance that follow languages they hear.
-End of their first year, most babies understand the frequent words. They appearing reflection to someone. For example: when someone says ‘bye-bye’, babies wave the hand reply to someone. Babies clap when someone says ‘pat-a-cake’.
-Twelve months, Babies begin to learn words from everyone recognize and they will learn to say that words.
-Age of two, most children begin to combine words into simple sentences such as ‘Mommy milk’, ‘Baby fall down’. These sentences called ‘Telegraphic’ that are pronunciation of two words and short phrases. Moreover, children combine words to sentences even if missing of function words and grammatical morphemes. So, the word order children used reflects the word order of language they are hearing such as they says ‘more outside’ mean ‘I want to go outside again’.
As children progress through the discovery of language in their first three years, they have developmental stages and cognitive development as follows.
- Children understanding of time or call temporal adverbs such as tomorrow, last week.
-They understand mastery of the linguistic elements. For example, children can differentiate between singular and plural before adding plural endings.
1.Grammatical morphemes
- Roger Brown and his team (1960) study of the language development of three children (Adam, Eve and Sarah) they found that fourteen grammatical morphemes. That shows some of morphemes children studied such as present progressive (-ing), plural (-s), possessive (‘s). Besides, they found the children are the same age did not acquire the morphemes. For example: Eve had mastered nearly all the morphemes before she was two and a half years old, while Sarah and Adam were still working on them when were three and a half or four years old.
-Jill and Peter de Villiers (1973) found the children that Adam, Eve and Sarah mastered the morphemes at different age, just as children had done, but the order of their acquisition was very similar, which is caused by the frequency with which the morphemes occur in parents’ speech, the cognitive complexity of the meanings represented by each morpheme, and the pronouncing of them.
-Jean Berko Gleason used “wug test” (The wug test is an experiment in linguistics, created by Jean Berko Gleason in 1958.) explore children’s knowledge of grammatical morphemes. She found the children demonstrate that they know rules for the formation of plural and simple past in English. They are show that their language is not just a list of memorized word pairs such as “book/books” and “nod/nodded”
2.Negative
Children learn the negation very firstly.
Lois Bloom’s (1991) longitudinal studies show, He found the children understand negative and express it but they will appear as a single words and gestures. Using of negative in children has the stage in the development that observed in the acquisition of English. In the beginning, the children will use the single word ‘no’ most frequently, either all alone or as first word in the utterance. Stage 2, Negative sentences often use ‘don't’. They begin to use longer utterances and the negative word appears before the verb. Stage 3, The negative element is enclosed into a more complex sentence but the negative words do not change forms for different tenses or persons and then stage 4, Children begin to use auxiliary verbs such as ‘do’ and ‘be’ add the negative element to the correct form. But, they will yet have problem with some other features related to negatives.
3.Questions
There is a predictable sequence in which the question of ‘wh-words’ emerge (Bloom 1991). In the beginning, ‘What’ is first word that children used in wh-question. After that, ‘Where’ and ‘who’ that locating and identifying people and objects. This is type of questions in the early days of language learning. It’s supported by the fact that adults frequently ask children. Next, ‘Why’ the wh-question is appearing in the end of the second year. For next year or two, it becomes favorites question they use because they will have curiosity in several ways such as ‘Why that lady has blue hair?’ Finally, the children begin to understand manner and time, ‘How’ and ‘When’ emerge. Children have using of question sentence that is stage in the development of the acquisition as follows. Stage 1, Children uses single words or simple sentence with rising intonation to ask. Stages 2, Children uses the word order of declarative sentence and begin to ask new question. Stage 3, Children notice the structure of question that questions are formed by putting a verb form or question word at the front of a sentence and begin to produce question from structure such as ‘Can I go?’ ‘Are you happy’. This stage is called ‘fronting’. Stage 4, Children begins to use subject-auxiliary inversion. The questions are more variety in the auxiliaries that appear before the subject in the declarative version of the sentence. Children may find inversion in yes/no questions. They able to choose yes/no questions or wh- questions in questioning but not both. Stage 5, Children uses both ‘yes/no questions’ and ‘wh- questions’ that are correct form but negative questions may still be a bit too difficult such as ‘Why the teddy bear can't go outside?’. Finally, Stage 6 Children are able to correctly form all question types.
The pre-school years
By the age of four, the children use correct word order and grammatical markers to ask questions, give commands, report events and create stories. They have mastered the basic structure of their language. Three and four year olds, they learn many vocabulary of a day and acquire more complex linguistic structures.
In a widening social environment, most of children in pre-school will develop the ability to use their language cause them language in situation is a greater.
Children have more interaction with unfamiliar adults. They acquire the aggressive language needed to defend their toys in the playground that show they know the difference between how adults talk to babies and how they talk to each other. These can be observed in pretend play using different voices.
Other than, they begin to understand how and why language varies and then the children also develop metalinguistic awareness that is the ability to treat language as an object separate from the meaning it conveys. They may show that they know it's a bit odd, but they will focus mainly on the fact that they can understand what it means.
The school years
School setting brings new opportunities for language development. Children have developed more sophisticated metalinguistic awareness. They acquire complex knowledge and skills for language use. Knowing that words and sentences can have multiple meanings that give access to word jokes and riddles. In the early school years, they have growth of vocabulary. Children understand and produce several hundreds to a thousand words a year that depends on how much and how widely children read.
Another important development in the school years is the acquisition of different language registers that a style or way of using language that is appropriate for a particular setting as follows: the children used in writing a research report is different from that used in writing a letter to a friend. They learn how written language is different from spoken language, they learn how the language used to speak to the principal is different form the language of the playground, and they learn how the language of a science report is different form the language of a narrative
and speaking the standard variety in school instead of the ethnic or regional variety that is spoken at home.
These children’s ways of learn language does not stop. Even though they through development sequences because afterward, they will appear to learn new elements in their language. Which of these ways cause them to learn the language that is spoken around them.
การแปล กรุณารอสักครู่..
