Pavio’s (1986) dual coding theory further stated there are two separate information
processing systems which is a visual system which processes visual knowledge and a
verbal system for processing verbal knowledge. According to Paivio (1986); Riber (1994)
animation that combines visual and verbal knowledge may store information into long-term
memory thus facilitates encoding and retrieval process. Dual coding theory also suggests
there are three distinctive levels of processing that can occur between the verbal and visual
system: representational, associative and referential (Rieber, 1996). Representational
processing connects the incoming stimuli from the environment to either the verbal or visual
system. Associative processing constructs connections within either of the verbal or visual
systems, and referential processing builds connections between the verbal and visual
systems (Rieber, 1994).