Human dental caries, whilst not life-threatening, is one of the
most prevalent and costly diseases in developing and industrialized
countries. Streptococcus mutans is the causative pathogen
for this oral disease.1 The pathogenesis of dental caries involves
several steps, including attachment of bacteria to the pellicle on
the tooth surface in a dental biofilm and demineralization of
tooth surfaces caused by organic acids produced during
microbial fermentation of dietary sugars