1. Introduction
When compared to expandable containers or packaging
such as corrugated fiberboard boxes, returnable
containers can offer many long‐term advantages. Haplin
(2000) writes that specific advantages have contributed to
the increased use of reusable packaging:
Long‐term and continuous operating cost advantage
Reduced packaging material costs
Reduced handling and packaging‐related labor costs
Environmental concerns, including recycling, reduced
material usage and waste disposal
Logistics concerns including pooling, outsourcing,
standard load sizes and reduced transportation costs.