Questionnaires are the most frequently used data collection method in educational and evaluation research. Questionnaires help gather information on knowledge, attitudes, opinions, behaviors, facts, and other information. In a review of 748 research studies conducted in agricultural and Extension education, Radhakrishna, Leite, and Baggett (2003) found that 64% used questionnaires. They also found that a third of the studies reviewed did not report procedures for establishing validity (31%) or reliability (33%). Development of a valid and reliable questionnaire is a must to reduce measurement error. Groves (1987) defines measurement error as the "discrepancy between respondents' attributes and their survey responses" (p. 162).
Development of a valid and reliable questionnaire involves several steps taking considerable time. This article describes the sequential steps involved in the development and testing of questionnaires used for data collection. Figure 1 illustrates the five sequential steps involved in questionnaire development and testing. Each step depends on fine tuning and testing of previous steps that must be completed before the next step. A brief description of each of the five steps follows Figure 1.
Questionnaires are the most frequently used data collection method in educational and evaluation research. Questionnaires help gather information on knowledge, attitudes, opinions, behaviors, facts, and other information. In a review of 748 research studies conducted in agricultural and Extension education, Radhakrishna, Leite, and Baggett (2003) found that 64% used questionnaires. They also found that a third of the studies reviewed did not report procedures for establishing validity (31%) or reliability (33%). Development of a valid and reliable questionnaire is a must to reduce measurement error. Groves (1987) defines measurement error as the "discrepancy between respondents' attributes and their survey responses" (p. 162).Development of a valid and reliable questionnaire involves several steps taking considerable time. This article describes the sequential steps involved in the development and testing of questionnaires used for data collection. Figure 1 illustrates the five sequential steps involved in questionnaire development and testing. Each step depends on fine tuning and testing of previous steps that must be completed before the next step. A brief description of each of the five steps follows Figure 1.
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