As a promising solution to global warming and air pollution,
hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are becoming increasingly popular.
They have energy storage systems (ESSs) to reduce emissions and
fuel consumption. Generally, two types of ESS are used in HEVs:
gasoline and electricity. Energy management systems (EMS) play
a crucial role in affecting performance, cost effectiveness, and adapatability
of HEVs by controlling and distributing energy among
multiple ESSs. An optimal energy management strategy can either
improve fuel economy or reduce emissions for a HEV. To improve
the online efficiency performance of HEVs, a highly efficient and
real-time energy management strategy is necessary
1.1. Literature review
Numerous researchers around the world have conducted
research focused on the energy management strategies of HEVs
[2]. Generally, energy management strategies for HEVs can be classified
into two major types: rule based and optimization based
[3,4]. With humans’ early engineering experience, rule-based
strategies are simple and widely used for different types of HEVs.
For example, Jalil proposed a rule-based energy management strategy
by setting thresholds for power split between the engine and
battery [5]. Reported fuel economy has improved by 6% in the
As a promising solution to global warming and air pollution,hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) are becoming increasingly popular.They have energy storage systems (ESSs) to reduce emissions andfuel consumption. Generally, two types of ESS are used in HEVs:gasoline and electricity. Energy management systems (EMS) playa crucial role in affecting performance, cost effectiveness, and adapatabilityof HEVs by controlling and distributing energy amongmultiple ESSs. An optimal energy management strategy can eitherimprove fuel economy or reduce emissions for a HEV. To improvethe online efficiency performance of HEVs, a highly efficient andreal-time energy management strategy is necessary1.1. Literature reviewNumerous researchers around the world have conductedresearch focused on the energy management strategies of HEVs[2]. Generally, energy management strategies for HEVs can be classifiedinto two major types: rule based and optimization based[3,4]. With humans’ early engineering experience, rule-basedstrategies are simple and widely used for different types of HEVs.For example, Jalil proposed a rule-based energy management strategyby setting thresholds for power split between the engine andbattery [5]. Reported fuel economy has improved by 6% in the
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