Women from both groups performed better than the male NHLS group on verbal learning and memory measures (all p’s < .05). The groups did not differ on psychosocial variables. Correlations between psychosocial variables (i.e., social support and optimism) were variably related to cognitive measures in both groups. Social support did not mediate the optimismcognition relationship. This is the first study to consider the relationship between social support, optimism, and cognition and early interventions to improve cognition in cancer survivors is discussed.