Most disasters and many major incidents have significant short- and longterm impacts on people’s health, placing additional demands on health-care organisations (Pan American Health Organization, 2000). Emergency planning and management to address these demands are complex. The many determinants of mental and physical health mean that a wide variety of non-health-care organisations may have roles in prevention and recovery efforts,1 spanning the public, private and voluntary sectors. During the response phase, temporary organisational networks need to be deployed rapidly, but with large-scale emergencies not respecting administrative boundaries, even the health-care organisations involved in the care of casualties requiring urgent treatment may not be used to working together with such tight coordination or short timescales. Depending on the nature and severity of the hazard, specialist equipment and resources that are in short supply or geographically distant may also need to be mobilised, posing significant logistical issues. In some disasters, entire health-care facilities may be put out of action or overwhelmed, necessitating fundamental changes to care processes and standards for a period. In addition to planning for emergency incidents, emergency planners in health-care organisations are also likely to be involved in business continuity planning and management. This is an important role, as the health-care sector is a major component of the economies of developed nations (OECD, 2011). Good access to efficient, highquality health care is a high priority for societies and their political representatives, so incidents that adversely affect everyday services can have serious reputational and financial consequences for organisations, in both the public and private sectors, through mechanisms such as penalty clauses in contracts, adverse media coverage and litigation. People receiving health-care services, particularly acute
hospital care, are already in ill health, making them particularly vulnerable if the service they rely on is affected by an incident. Thus, for example, fires in hospital buildings, where patients are typically elderly, lack mobility and may require a sterile environment or electrical equipment for their treatment, pose difficult challenges for safe evacuation (Wapling et al, 2009). The environment for health-care emergency and business continuity planning is also continually changing, with factors as varied as climate change, technological advances in medical care, an ageing population, economic cycles and the reorganisation of services potentially having an impact. Indeed, during 2010–2011, impending changes to healthcare emergency planning arrangements in England, and uncertainty about their exact nature and timing and about the level of commitment to emergency planning, were of great concern to staff interviewed as part of the study. Given such complexity and change, there is an ongoing need for high quality organisational and management research that does not presume a well-ordered, rational world, where the development of utility-maximising tools to be applied by planners and managers is sufficient, but engages with the messiness and politics of organisational life in order to provide a strong foundation for policy and practice (Sementelli, 2007). Such research may, however, be difficult to conduct because of planners concerns about security, or the rapid onset of many emergency incidents, which does not sit easily with slow moving research ethical approval processes. Careful planning of research is therefore also important, so that it properly addresses knowledge gaps of practical significance and has the necessary support in place to facilitate access to the field. The main aim of this paper is to suggest a prioritized agenda for organisational and management research on emergency planning and management relevant to U.K. health care based on a scoping study commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research. A secondary aim is to enhance knowledge and understanding of health-care emergency planning among the wider research community by highlighting key issues and perspectives on the subject and presenting a conceptual model. Stuart-Black et al (2008) provides an overview of health-care emergency planning in the United Kingdom. While the primary focus was on the United Kingdom, comparisons were also made with the United States, because much of the research on emergency planning and management has been conducted there, and because planned changes to the NHS in England being proposed by the government at the time of the study appeared to be moving towards a more market-based health-care system closer to that in the United States. In the first section below, a conceptual model of health-care emergency planning is presented in order to further elaborate and communicate the topic. The following section describes the methods that were used in order to gather information about potential research topics and to prioritise them. The findings of the study are then presented in the form of clusters of topics and a discussion about their importance.
ภัยมากที่สุดและเหตุการณ์ที่สำคัญมากมีผลกระทบระยะสั้นและตนสำคัญสุขภาพของประชาชน วางความต้องการเพิ่มเติมในองค์กรดูแลสุขภาพ (แพนอเมริกันสุขภาพองค์กร 2000) ฉุกเฉินการวางแผนและการจัดการการความต้องการเหล่านี้มีความซับซ้อน ดีเทอร์มิแนนต์มากสุขภาพจิต และทางกายภาพหมายถึง ว่า องค์กรสุขภาพที่หลากหลายอาจมีบทบาทในการป้องกันและการกู้คืนความพยายาม 1 รัฐภาครัฐ เอกชน และความสมัครใจ ระหว่างขั้นตอนการตอบสนอง เครือข่าย organisational ชั่วคราวต้องจัดวางอย่างรวดเร็ว แต่ไม่เคารพดูแลขอบเขต แม้ที่องค์กรดูแลสุขภาพในการดูแลของคนที่ต้องการรักษาเร่งด่วนอาจไม่สามารถใช้เพื่อทำงานร่วมกับประสานงานแน่นหรือ timescales สั้นเช่นฉุกเฉินขนาดใหญ่ ขึ้นอยู่กับลักษณะและความรุนแรงของอันตราย ผู้เชี่ยวชาญด้านอุปกรณ์ และทรัพยากรที่อยู่ในระยะสั้น ซัพพลาย หรือห่างไกลกันทางภูมิศาสตร์อาจต้องถูก mobilised วางตัว logistical ประเด็นสำคัญด้วย ในบางภัย สิ่งอำนวยความสะดวกทั้งสุขภาพอาจย้ายเสีย หรือ จม necessitating เปลี่ยนแปลงพื้นฐานดูแลกระบวนการและมาตรฐานระยะเวลา นอกจากการวางแผนสำหรับเหตุการณ์ฉุกเฉิน วางแผนฉุกเฉินในองค์กรดูแลสุขภาพยังมีแนวโน้มที่จะมีส่วนร่วมในการวางแผนความต่อเนื่องของธุรกิจและการจัดการ นี้จะมีบทบาทสำคัญ เป็นภาคการดูแลสุขภาพ เป็นองค์ประกอบสำคัญของเศรษฐกิจของประเทศที่พัฒนาแล้ว (OECD, 2011) ถึงประสิทธิภาพ กำกับสุขภาพดีมีความสำคัญสำหรับสังคมและตัวแทนทางการเมืองของตน เพื่อให้ปัญหาที่กระทบบริการทุกวันสามารถมีผลกระทบ reputational และทางการเงินสำหรับองค์กร ในทั้งภาครัฐและเอกชน ผ่านกลไกเช่นโทษในสัญญา ความครอบคลุมสื่อร้าย และดำเนินคดีอย่างจริงจัง คนที่รับบริการดูแลสุขภาพ เฉียบพลันโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งhospital care, are already in ill health, making them particularly vulnerable if the service they rely on is affected by an incident. Thus, for example, fires in hospital buildings, where patients are typically elderly, lack mobility and may require a sterile environment or electrical equipment for their treatment, pose difficult challenges for safe evacuation (Wapling et al, 2009). The environment for health-care emergency and business continuity planning is also continually changing, with factors as varied as climate change, technological advances in medical care, an ageing population, economic cycles and the reorganisation of services potentially having an impact. Indeed, during 2010–2011, impending changes to healthcare emergency planning arrangements in England, and uncertainty about their exact nature and timing and about the level of commitment to emergency planning, were of great concern to staff interviewed as part of the study. Given such complexity and change, there is an ongoing need for high quality organisational and management research that does not presume a well-ordered, rational world, where the development of utility-maximising tools to be applied by planners and managers is sufficient, but engages with the messiness and politics of organisational life in order to provide a strong foundation for policy and practice (Sementelli, 2007). Such research may, however, be difficult to conduct because of planners concerns about security, or the rapid onset of many emergency incidents, which does not sit easily with slow moving research ethical approval processes. Careful planning of research is therefore also important, so that it properly addresses knowledge gaps of practical significance and has the necessary support in place to facilitate access to the field. The main aim of this paper is to suggest a prioritized agenda for organisational and management research on emergency planning and management relevant to U.K. health care based on a scoping study commissioned by the National Institute for Health Research. A secondary aim is to enhance knowledge and understanding of health-care emergency planning among the wider research community by highlighting key issues and perspectives on the subject and presenting a conceptual model. Stuart-Black et al (2008) provides an overview of health-care emergency planning in the United Kingdom. While the primary focus was on the United Kingdom, comparisons were also made with the United States, because much of the research on emergency planning and management has been conducted there, and because planned changes to the NHS in England being proposed by the government at the time of the study appeared to be moving towards a more market-based health-care system closer to that in the United States. In the first section below, a conceptual model of health-care emergency planning is presented in order to further elaborate and communicate the topic. The following section describes the methods that were used in order to gather information about potential research topics and to prioritise them. The findings of the study are then presented in the form of clusters of topics and a discussion about their importance.
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