manipulate objects and interact with the environment. The related cases support learning by scaffolding student
memory; providing different perspective, themes and interpretations; and enhancing student cognitive flexibility.
Out of the 15 methods listed in Table 1, only 2 methods do not use computer or multimedia. The methods are
active learning environment [1] and portable experimental apparatus [2]. Although the remainder use computer
technology and multimedia in their systems, each are different in their approach and design. However, all
methods have a common goal of enhancing the teaching and learning of thermodynamics. A few methods give
complete thermodynamics content such as in online courseware for use such as in lectures, as self-paced study, as
reference material or as supporting exercises/exploration in classrooms. Others provide virtual laboratory
experiences with different apparatus such as the power plant or thermodynamic cycles or multi-staging in
compressors and turbines for the student to perform alone or in a group. Irrespective of the methods is web-based
or CD-ROM, the multimedia used promotes interactivity and visualization