g) Ibu Khaldun’s theory of Taxation: This theory is explained from two-folds; viz: the arithmetic and
economic effects. The arithmetic effects states that if VAT rates are lowered the VAT revenue will be
lowered by the amount of the decrease in the rate. The reverse is the case for an increase in VAT rates
( Ishlahi, 2006). Conversely, the economic effect recognized the positive impact that lower VAT rate
have on work, output and employment and thereby providing incentives to increase these activities
whereas raising VAT rate has the opposite economic effect by penalizing participation in the taxed
activities. Ishlahi (2006), further stated that at a very high VAT rate has negative economic effect which
dominates positive arithmetic effect, thereby decreasing VAT revenue.