Rules of entry for women’s participation are necessary for
women’s participation, but they are not sufficient to ensure
participation. Rules of entry to participate may limit participation
to men-only, one-person per household, allow one-man and onewomen
per household, allow anyone willing to participate, or have
fees required for participation. When participation is men-only
then women cannot participate and the rule is obviously
exclusionary. If participation is one-person per household, then
it may still be possible for women to participate, but such
participation may still be unlikely if men wish to participate as
well. When participation is open to both men and women from the
same household then women will be more likely to participate. The
role of fees has not been thoroughly investigated; however, if there
are member dues or in-kind time commitments required to
participate in forest-management decisions, then these may
particularly disadvantage women. Time commitments may be
overly onerous on women if women’s labor time is more intensive
than men’s. Further, time commitments may take place at times
inconvenient for women yet more convenient for men.