subjects received condition-specific training according to prepared scripts. They were shown how to use the decoding keys to solve each type of code and were allowed to practice one problem of each type on their own. During this time, any questions on how to solve the codes were answered. They were informed that each work period would be six minutes long with a 30-second warning near the end. Finally, they were told what feedback they would receive after each period and how they would be paid.