overall prevalence relatively
stable over the last 10 years at 2–3%, although subSaharan
African women giving birth in London had a
lower seroprevalence (1.8%) than those giving birth elsewhere
in England (3.2%). Although prevalence among
UK-born women giving birth remained low at about 0.5 per
1000 women in 2011, there was a gradual increase over the
decade from 0.3 per 1000 in 2002 [2].