The overall outcome is even in contrast to previous studies thatobserved at least partial protection, sometimes in the majority ofanimals [7]. Among the possible explanation for this discrepancycould be the presentation of antigens as well as the used virusstrain. Bommeli et al. [7] used a non-ionic detergent for inactiva-tion while BEI was used in the presented study. If BEI would leadto higher fragmentation of antigens, the lack of protection couldbe explained. However, humoral responses indicate that at leastB-cell epitopes were rather unaffected, and also the antigen ELISAindicated that major antigens were still intact.Taking body temperature into consideration, a slightly acceler-ated clinical course was observed in most vaccinees (see Fig. 2).These animals were the ones with highest antibody responsesand thus the ones that were expected to have reacted in a ben-eficial way. One explanation could be an antibody dependentenhancement that could however not be further investigated in theframework of this study due to the lack of sampling in the criticalperiod (days 2 to 4). This phenomenon is known for several virusesand was also discussed for ASFV [18]. In consequence, humoralresponses against ASFV seem to play a two-sided role. It is known