When discussing the economic impacts of tourism, the multiplier
process should be the most well-known and frequently
applied approach to measure the economic contributions of
tourism industry extensively on macroeconomic fields, involving
investment (including the flows of income and the numbers of
jobs), export, governmental expenditure (such as, constructing
public infrastructures and facilities) and taxation revenue, tourist
consumption, and so forth. However, the greatest challenge associated
with calculating the multiplier process originates from the
complexities of collecting the necessary data and defining acceptable
numbers of parameters. Therefore, different approaches for
measuring the economic impacts of tourism have been developed:
the use of an inputeoutput measure, tourism expenditure
modeling, the development of satellite accounts, and local impact
studies utilizing a number of ad hoc measures (Ryan, 2003, pp.
158e179). Witt, Brooke, and Buckley (2013) indicated that there are
three effects of the multiplier process: direct effect (taking place
only in the industry that is immediately affected), indirect effect
(concerning inter-industry interaction),