Mechanisms of Transfer
The three recognized mechanisms of prokaryotic gene transfer are transformation, conjugation, and transduction.These mechanisms should be viewed as a framework for conceptualizing gene transfer in the environment. However, other novel mechanisms may exist, and combinations of mechanism may occur in the environment. Transformation was the first mechanism of gene transfer to be recognized (Griffith, 1928) and its discovery
paved the way for understanding that DNA was the genetic material in all cells. Transformation involves the uptake and expression of genes encoded in extracellular DNA.
Unlike conjugation and transduction, transformation is a normal, physiological function of certain bacteria and is mediated by chromosomal genes (Smith et al., 1981). A distinction is made between natural transformation and artificial transformation in regard to competence, or the capability to uptake DNA. Naturally competent bacteria express competence at some time in their life cycle,whereas artificially induced competence, as used in plasmid transformation in E. coli, is the result of chemical
or physical perturbation of the cell membrane/wall to enable covalently close plasmid penetration (Mandel and Higa, 1970).Conjugation is a plasmid or transposon encoded mechanism of transfer that requires cell contact, first described by Lederburg and Tatum (1946). Because of their location on plasmids or transposons, the genes transferred
in conjugation generally encode accessory functions such as antibiotic, UV, and heavy metal resistance or expanded metabolic capabilities (i.e. Xenobiotic degradation; Willets and Wilkins, 1984). Conjugation has often been viewed as the most promiscuous of the three transfer mechanisms because of the lesser restriction on similarity of recipient to donor imposed by transformation and transduction. Transduction, which literally means “carrying over ’, is the process of gene transfer whereby a phage mistakenly packages some host DNA in the capsid and transfers it to another bacterium upon subsequent infection (Zinder and Lederburg, 1952). This process can result in either the transfer of a random fragment of the host genome or plasmid (termed generalized transduction) or, when a temperate phage is employed, specific genes which flank the place of prophage integration (Ackermann and DuBow, 1987). Although perhaps the least understood mechanism of environmental gene transfer, recent findings indicate that this process may be occurring more frequently in the marine environment than previously thought. Other methods of gene transfer include capsduction, or gene transfer by a small phage-like structure (Joset and Guepsin-Michel, 1993), protoplast fusion (Matsushima and Baltz, 1986) and transposition.
Mechanisms of TransferThe three recognized mechanisms of prokaryotic gene transfer are transformation, conjugation, and transduction.These mechanisms should be viewed as a framework for conceptualizing gene transfer in the environment. However, other novel mechanisms may exist, and combinations of mechanism may occur in the environment. Transformation was the first mechanism of gene transfer to be recognized (Griffith, 1928) and its discoverypaved the way for understanding that DNA was the genetic material in all cells. Transformation involves the uptake and expression of genes encoded in extracellular DNA.Unlike conjugation and transduction, transformation is a normal, physiological function of certain bacteria and is mediated by chromosomal genes (Smith et al., 1981). A distinction is made between natural transformation and artificial transformation in regard to competence, or the capability to uptake DNA. Naturally competent bacteria express competence at some time in their life cycle,whereas artificially induced competence, as used in plasmid transformation in E. coli, is the result of chemicalor physical perturbation of the cell membrane/wall to enable covalently close plasmid penetration (Mandel and Higa, 1970).Conjugation is a plasmid or transposon encoded mechanism of transfer that requires cell contact, first described by Lederburg and Tatum (1946). Because of their location on plasmids or transposons, the genes transferredin conjugation generally encode accessory functions such as antibiotic, UV, and heavy metal resistance or expanded metabolic capabilities (i.e. Xenobiotic degradation; Willets and Wilkins, 1984). Conjugation has often been viewed as the most promiscuous of the three transfer mechanisms because of the lesser restriction on similarity of recipient to donor imposed by transformation and transduction. Transduction, which literally means “carrying over ’, is the process of gene transfer whereby a phage mistakenly packages some host DNA in the capsid and transfers it to another bacterium upon subsequent infection (Zinder and Lederburg, 1952). This process can result in either the transfer of a random fragment of the host genome or plasmid (termed generalized transduction) or, when a temperate phage is employed, specific genes which flank the place of prophage integration (Ackermann and DuBow, 1987). Although perhaps the least understood mechanism of environmental gene transfer, recent findings indicate that this process may be occurring more frequently in the marine environment than previously thought. Other methods of gene transfer include capsduction, or gene transfer by a small phage-like structure (Joset and Guepsin-Michel, 1993), protoplast fusion (Matsushima and Baltz, 1986) and transposition.
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Mechanisms of Transfer
The three recognized mechanisms of prokaryotic gene transfer are transformation, conjugation, and transduction.These mechanisms should be viewed as a framework for conceptualizing gene transfer in the environment. However, other novel mechanisms may exist, and combinations of mechanism may occur in the environment. Transformation was the first mechanism of gene transfer to be recognized (Griffith, 1928) and its discovery
paved the way for understanding that DNA was the genetic material in all cells. Transformation involves the uptake and expression of genes encoded in extracellular DNA.
Unlike conjugation and transduction, transformation is a normal, physiological function of certain bacteria and is mediated by chromosomal genes (Smith et al., 1981). A distinction is made between natural transformation and artificial transformation in regard to competence, or the capability to uptake DNA. Naturally competent bacteria express competence at some time in their life cycle,whereas artificially induced competence, as used in plasmid transformation in E. coli, is the result of chemical
or physical perturbation of the cell membrane/wall to enable covalently close plasmid penetration (Mandel and Higa, 1970).Conjugation is a plasmid or transposon encoded mechanism of transfer that requires cell contact, first described by Lederburg and Tatum (1946). Because of their location on plasmids or transposons, the genes transferred
in conjugation generally encode accessory functions such as antibiotic, UV, and heavy metal resistance or expanded metabolic capabilities (i.e. Xenobiotic degradation; Willets and Wilkins, 1984). Conjugation has often been viewed as the most promiscuous of the three transfer mechanisms because of the lesser restriction on similarity of recipient to donor imposed by transformation and transduction. Transduction, which literally means “carrying over ’, is the process of gene transfer whereby a phage mistakenly packages some host DNA in the capsid and transfers it to another bacterium upon subsequent infection (Zinder and Lederburg, 1952). This process can result in either the transfer of a random fragment of the host genome or plasmid (termed generalized transduction) or, when a temperate phage is employed, specific genes which flank the place of prophage integration (Ackermann and DuBow, 1987). Although perhaps the least understood mechanism of environmental gene transfer, recent findings indicate that this process may be occurring more frequently in the marine environment than previously thought. Other methods of gene transfer include capsduction, or gene transfer by a small phage-like structure (Joset and Guepsin-Michel, 1993), protoplast fusion (Matsushima and Baltz, 1986) and transposition.
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กลไกการถ่ายโอน
3 ยอมรับกลไกการถ่ายโอนยีนโพรคาริโอติกเป็น transformation ) และผ่านกลไกเหล่านี้ควรจะดูเป็นกรอบมโนทัศน์การถ่ายโอนยีนในสภาพแวดล้อม อย่างไรก็ตาม กลไกใหม่ ๆ มีตัวตน และชุดของกลไกที่อาจเกิดขึ้นในสิ่งแวดล้อมการแปลงเป็นกลไกแรกของการถ่ายโอนยีนที่ได้รับการยอมรับ ( Griffith , 1928 ) และการค้นพบ
ปูทางเพื่อความเข้าใจว่า DNA เป็นสารพันธุกรรมในเซลล์ การเปลี่ยนแปลงที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการดูดซึมและการแสดงออกของยีนที่เข้ารหัสในภายนอกเซลล์ ดีเอ็นเอ และแตกต่างจากการ
ผ่าน แปลงร่างเป็นปกติการทำงานทางสรีรวิทยาของแบคทีเรียบาง และเป็นคนกลาง โดยโครโมโซมยีน ( Smith et al . , 1981 ) ความแตกต่างระหว่างธรรมชาติและการเปลี่ยนแปลงการทำเทียมในเรื่องความสามารถ หรือ ความสามารถในการใช้ดีเอ็นเอ เชี่ยวชาญแสดงความสามารถตามธรรมชาติแบคทีเรียในบางเวลาในชีวิตของพวกเขา ในขณะที่ เทียมขึ้นความสามารถที่ใช้ในการแปลงพลาสมิดใน E . coli , ผลของสารเคมี
หรือความยุ่งเหยิงทางกายภาพของเยื่อเซลล์ / ผนังเพื่อให้ covalently ปิดทะลุพลาสมิด ( แมนเดล และ น กา , 1970 ) หรือ ? ? ? ? ? ) เป็นพลาสมิดที่กลไกของการถ่ายโอนที่ต้องติดต่อเซลล์ก่อนและอธิบายโดย lederburg เททัม ( 1946 ) เพราะตำแหน่งของพวกเขาในหรือ transposons พลาสมิด ,ยีนโอน
การเข้ารหัสฟังก์ชันโดยทั่วไปอุปกรณ์เสริมเช่นยาปฏิชีวนะ , UV และความต้านทานโลหะหนักหรือขยายขีดความสามารถเมตา ( เช่นต่อการย่อยสลาย ; willets และวิลกินส์ , 1984 )
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