„Bottom-up‟ processes are also used by learners when they rely on specific components of the L2 for aural comprehension. Meaning is constructed from morphemes to words to grammatical relationships to lexical meanings until, eventually,the message is decoded. “Bottom-up refers to that part of the aural comprehension process in which the understanding of the “heard” language is worked out proceeding from sounds to words to grammatical relationships in lexical meanings” (Morley, 2001).