The free phenolics content in the treated and untreated WWF was determined using the method described by Singleton, Orthofer, and Lamuela-Raventos (1999), with some modifications.
Briefly, 5 g of WWF was blended with 20 mL of 80 g/100 g chilled ethanol for 10 min.
After centrifugation at 3000 g for 10 min, the supernatant was collected and extraction was repeated once.
Supernatants were pooled, evaporated at 45 C to 10 mL, and reconstituted with distilled water to a final volume of 25 mL.