and comply with management measures but occasionally underreport actual
catches; overfishing by traditional artisanal fishing groups who may be
unaware of modern fishing regulations or may be living at true subsistence
levels; and overfishing by premeditated industrial businesses. Efforts to end
IUU fishing have tended to focus resources on creating incentives for usually
law-abiding fishing entities. With broad policy efforts focused on creating
territorial use-rights fisheries and assigning individual take quotas, fishery
managers have been making some headway in reducing IUU fishing.18 These
ideas work for communities who want to be stakeholders in fishery
management and are open to exploring cooperative regulation in order to
conserve resources. However, not all IUU fishers are willing to accept
responsibility for the long-term management of fishery resources, perhaps
because many IUU fishing operations simply do not care about the industry’s
long-term sustainability.19 For criminal participants, overfishing is a relatively
low-capital, high-reward business. It is both an alternative to illicit markets
such as drugs and human trafficking, and an indirect facilitator of these illegal
businesses.