In addition to characteristics of study participants, we will assess characteristics of the
environment and health systems for their potential to facilitate or present barriers to
implementation of effective interventions. Many women at highest risk for smoking,
failure to quit smoking during pregnancy and postpartum relapse receive care in resourcepoor
environments. Interventions developed and tested in academic medical centers that
tend to be located in urban centers may differ from those evaluated in health departments
and other community clinical settings. In addition, it will be important to fully
characterize the resources needed (including types of providers or involvement of
nonclinical providers or families) to implement effective interventions in order to provide
end-users with adequate data on feasibility and for implementation planning.