Self-efficacy was assessed with the following question: ‘Every parent experiences moments (times) when it is difficult to get their children’s teeth brushed. For each situation or feeling that I read please indicate how confident you are that you can get your child’s teeth brushed when it is not automatically done at bed time. When you are ___ (insert one of nine item statements), how confident are you that you can have your child’s teeth brushed before bedtime?’ Sample item statements include being under a lot of stress, depressed, feeling like you do not have the time, and being tired. Possible responses ranged from 4 ¼ ‘very confident,’ to 1 ¼ ‘not at all confident’ and were averaged to generate a single OHSE score.