The 11 causes (with definitions) that participants rated were – Little intelli- gence: the student is not capable of passing the exam, Physical sickness: sudden or long-term illness prevents the student passing the exam, Student rarely studies: the student did not put the work in to pass the exam, Some students must fail: in order to differentiate between students of differing abilities; just as some will do well, some will do badly and fail, Biased teaching: the lecturing did not focus on