4. Conclusion
Leaf meals are usually lower in CP than conventional cakes, but they may be used effectively to partially replace common ingredients of commercial concentrates. The apparent lack of any disadvantage on nutrient utilization and blood constituents suggests the potential use of leaf meal mixtures as a substitute of standard protein source of cakes and brans. Considering the palatability, easy on-farm accessibility, economic sustainability and wider use of a tree fodder base, leaf meal mixtures in supplements like LMTM may mitigate the shortage of protein sources for small holder farmers. However, further long-term trials are warranted to evaluate the feasibility and the potential of various leaf meal mixtures in commercial formulations for goat meat and milk production