The inclusion criteria were defined as: (1) age[70 years,
(2) individuals who underwent radiographs of the lumbar
spine, SpinalMouse (Idiag, Volkerswill, Switzerland) measurements,
and physical examination [back muscle strength
(BMS), body mass index (BMI)] during the ‘‘basic health
checkup,’’ and (3) individuals who were informed about this
study and consented to participate in it. SpinalMouse is a
noninvasive, computer-assisted device measuring spinal
shape and mobility using surface-based measurements. Individuals
could not participate with this diagnostic technique if
they had severe disability walking and standing, or dysfunction
of the central or peripheral nervous systems.