20. Moreover, reliance on the market would strengthen, not weaken, the case for public subsidy of research in education and systematic testing of new methods. Individual schools fighting for survival in the marketplace could not take risk with unproved methods or undertake expensive development of new curricula or approaches; nor could market competitors be expected to band together for systematic testing of innovations, Indeed, an atomistic private market for education might produce even less innovation than we have now. In general, in the normally private sectors of the economy, rapid technological change and increases in productivity occur in the large-firm, monopolized industries, not in those characterized by many sellers and intense inter-firm competition.