Nitrogenous waste excretion in aquatic species is accomplished
largely at the gills. Because these species have very large
convective water volume requirements in order to extract oxygen
(owing to the low concentration of oxygen in water relative to air),
aquatic species are typically ‘hyperventilated’ with respect to waste
gases such as CO2 and NH3. Thus, in many cases no additional
ventilatory energy needs to be invested by water breathers to
effectively excrete nitrogenous waste to the water, beyond that used
to take up oxygen from the water. This concept was developed early
in the literature. When coupled with another early (but largely
incorrect) notion that molecules like NH3 and urea readily passed
through the lipid portion of the plasma membrane, initial views of
excretion of nitrogenous waste in aquatic organisms held it to be a
largely passive process. [As ammonia can exist as a dissolved
ammonia gas (NH3) and the ammonium ion (NH4
+), this review
will use the convention of the term ‘ammonia’ when the chemical
is not specified, and either the chemical symbols or ‘ammonia gas’
or ‘ammonium ion’ when the chemical form is to be specified.]
Early research also focused on the ionic form of ammonia, i.e. the
ammonium ion, examining the possibility that it could be a
surrogate substrate for transporters viewed as dealing primarily
with hydrogen, potassium or sodium ions, representing an
alternative or parallel pathway for ammonia excretion. Indeed, for
many years much experimentation and debate, regarding the fish
gill in particular, centered on which was more important, NH3 or
NH4
+ excretion. Since most fish were not thought to excrete very
much waste as urea, very little research into urea transport was
undertaken; one notable exception was research to understand how
urea was retained by elasmobranch kidneys and gills in the face of
the massive outwardly directed gradient (e.g. ~400mmoll–1 as a
typical value).
Nitrogenous waste excretion in aquatic species is accomplishedlargely at the gills. Because these species have very largeconvective water volume requirements in order to extract oxygen(owing to the low concentration of oxygen in water relative to air),aquatic species are typically ‘hyperventilated’ with respect to wastegases such as CO2 and NH3. Thus, in many cases no additionalventilatory energy needs to be invested by water breathers toeffectively excrete nitrogenous waste to the water, beyond that usedto take up oxygen from the water. This concept was developed earlyin the literature. When coupled with another early (but largelyincorrect) notion that molecules like NH3 and urea readily passedthrough the lipid portion of the plasma membrane, initial views ofexcretion of nitrogenous waste in aquatic organisms held it to be alargely passive process. [As ammonia can exist as a dissolvedammonia gas (NH3) and the ammonium ion (NH4+), this reviewwill use the convention of the term ‘ammonia’ when the chemicalis not specified, and either the chemical symbols or ‘ammonia gas’or ‘ammonium ion’ when the chemical form is to be specified.]Early research also focused on the ionic form of ammonia, i.e. theammonium ion, examining the possibility that it could be asurrogate substrate for transporters viewed as dealing primarilywith hydrogen, potassium or sodium ions, representing anเส้นทางสำรอง หรือแบบขนานสำหรับการขับถ่ายแอมโมเนีย แน่นอน สำหรับหลายปีมากทดลองและอภิปราย เกี่ยวกับปลากิลล์ โดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งเน้นที่สำคัญ NH3 หรือNH4+ ขับถ่าย เนื่องจากปลาส่วนใหญ่ไม่ได้คิดว่า ในการขับถ่ายมากมีการวิจัยน้อยมากในการขนส่งยูเรียมากเสียเป็นยูเรียดำเนินการ ข้อยกเว้นหนึ่งที่โดดเด่นคือ วิจัยเพื่อเข้าใจวิธียูเรียถูกเก็บไว้ โดยไต elasmobranch และเหงือกใน face ของไล่ระดับตรงที่ขนาดใหญ่ภายนอก (เช่น ~ 400mmoll – 1 เป็นการค่าปกติ)
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