Self-care questionnaire for COPD patients was initially
introduced by Alberto in 1990, which includes 36 items rated along a five-point Likert scale (from 1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). Scores ranged from 36 to 180. Higher scores correlated with better self-care. Standardized tool for evaluating self-efficacy in COPD patients was first introduced by Wigal et al. in 1991 and its validity and reliability were revised in 2010 by Bentsen et al. in Norway. It comprises 34 items in five domains including negative effect (12 questions), intense emotional arousal (8 questions), physical exertion (5 questions), weather and environmental risk factors (6 questions), and finally behavioral risk factors (3 questions). This questionnaire was also rated using a five-point Liker scale (from 1 = completely unsure to 5 = completely sure). Scores ranged from 34 to 170 with higher scores denoting higher self-efficacy. A number of demographic questions (age, gender, marital status, occupation, residence, educational status, and monthly income) and items about COPD disease were also included to the self-efficacy questionnaire by the researchers.