Solid oral formulation is the preferred method for medicaltreatment, especially in an aging society, and it improves the qualityof life of patients. Many new compounds are poorlywater-soluble. It is estimated that more than two-thirds of allnew chemical entities currently emerging from drug discoverypipelines have solubilities of <100 lg/ml (Singh et al., 2013).Compounds with solubilities <1 lg/ml, and even <0.1 lg/ml, arecommonly selected for development because of their high selectivityand activity toward lipophilic receptors, which translates tohigh permeability after oral administration. Nevertheless, thedevelopment of poorly water-soluble compounds into bioavailablesolid oral formulations has been very challenging. Such compoundspresent severe development challenges because of poor water solubility,slow dissolution, and low bioavailability. Particle sizereduction, conversion to amorphous form (Singh et al., 2013), soliddispersion, and incorporation of cyclodextrin (Badawy et al., 2006)are generally applied to increase drug solubility, dissolution rate,and bioavailability. However, each of these technologies has limitationsthat affect drug stability and powder flow. In addition, alarge amount of functional excipients (carrier and cyclodextrin)is generally required to enhance the solubility, which leads to thedevelopment of a less practical solid oral formulation due to thesize increase.Incorporation of pH-modifier has been reported to be an effectivetechnology for enhancing the dissolution rate and bioavailabilityof poorly water-soluble compounds (Onoue et al., 2012;Badawy and Hussain, 2007; Bi et al., 2011; Badawy et al., 2006;Taniguchi et al., 2012; Hawley and Morozowich, 2010). Organicacids are widely used in chemical and pharmaceutical fields.
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