Roberts (2002) reports that the most applicable
levels of participation are currently informing,
consultation, and placation, denoted as tokenism, and
suggests a passive role for participants. Three types of
people in relation to participation are identified: those
who (i) express their views and opinions or state their
preferences without prompting—these people displayed
the greatest willingness to participate but still preferred
experts to have the final say; (ii) express their views
and opinions or state their preferences when invited to
do so—these people could either wish to play an active
role or respond to the role they felt was expected; and
(iii) accept the decisions that are made—these people
preferred professionals to act on their behalf.