2. Methods
2.1. Subjects
Twenty adult HPN patients without active underlying immune-mediated diseases, who had been using an OO-based PN formula-tion (Oliclinomel, containing 80% OO and 20% SO) based lipid emulsion Clinoleic ? for at least 6 months and at least three times per week and 21 adult sex- and age-matched healthy controls were included in the study. Subjects with metabolic disorders, active allergic, inflammatory or otherwise immune-mediating diseases,who consumed more than two portions of fatty fish per week,smoked more than five cigarettes per day, or who used immune suppressive medication, vitamins or fish oil supplements, were excluded. The Ethical Review Board of the Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center approved the study. All procedures were performed after obtaining written informed consent.