In addition, these features of electoral representation—their inability to refract finegrained representation into political institutions and their dampening effects on deliberation—fit poorly with the norms of citizenship evolving in the developed democracies. Dalton (2007) argues that new generations of citizens are voting less but engaging more. They want more choice; they want more direct impact. These are goods that electoral representation cannot provide. This fact
alone should spur us to think about representation more broadly, including nonelectoral venues—not necessarily as competing forms of representation (though they can be), but possibly as complementary forms (Saward 2006a,b).
Finally, as we noted above (When is Representation “Democratic”?), the globalization of democratic norms and expectations simply does not fit with any electorally based constituencies at all—not only within the international domain but also in contexts that have weak or nonexistent electoral democracies.
In addition, these features of electoral representation—their inability to refract finegrained representation into political institutions and their dampening effects on deliberation—fit poorly with the norms of citizenship evolving in the developed democracies. Dalton (2007) argues that new generations of citizens are voting less but engaging more. They want more choice; they want more direct impact. These are goods that electoral representation cannot provide. This fact
alone should spur us to think about representation more broadly, including nonelectoral venues—not necessarily as competing forms of representation (though they can be), but possibly as complementary forms (Saward 2006a,b).
Finally, as we noted above (When is Representation “Democratic”?), the globalization of democratic norms and expectations simply does not fit with any electorally based constituencies at all—not only within the international domain but also in contexts that have weak or nonexistent electoral democracies.
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