culture with a separate origin, but rather a culture of mankind with common origin; cultural diversity derives from the variety of developmental stages, whose characteristics have been partly retained by various peoples.35 Although his logic was strange in many aspects, his rejection of primordialist views on eth-nicity was noteworthy even from the viewpoint of our time. A Kazakh Marxist historian, Sanzhar Asfendiarov, summarized Marrs idea and noted interest-ingly, referring to the anti-Bolshevik Kautsky that nation was a historical category, transitory and not primordial (iznachalnyi).36