2 Randomised control trials (188
participants) from two countries were included. Both
trials included a behavioural and an exercise
intervention. 1 trial was evaluated as high risk of bias
and one as unclear. 159 participants were
incorporated in the meta-analysis. Although evidence
from both trials suggested that intervention might
reduce back pain short term (6 months) and long
term (12 months and 2 years), and a behavioural
intervention might be more beneficial than an exercise
intervention, the pooled effects (0.72, 95% CI 0.25
to 1.69 at 6 months; 0.52, 95% CI 0.45 to 1.49 at
12 months and 0.75, 95% CI 0.46 to 1.96 at
2 years) did not demonstrate statistically significant
effects. There was no evidence that intervention
changes pain in the short (6 months) or long term
(12 months and 2 years). The wide CI for pooled
effects indicated that intervention could be potentially
beneficial or harmful. Considerable heterogeneity was
evident.