3.2. Antifungal assessment
3.2.1. Agar well diffusion method
The results of this study revealed that the leaves of A. squamosa possess potential antifungal activity against all five pathogenic fungal strains studied. The antifungal activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition and by calculating the percentage inhibition. The antifungal activity of the tested extracts showed different selectivity for each microorganism studied. Our analysis indicated that both chloroform and methanol extracts showed almost similar effect against A. alternata, C. albicans, and F. solani (Fig. 2A–2C, respectively) with percentage inhibition of 79.10%, 27.69%, and 91.67% at 1 mg/mL and 83.58%, 64.62%, and 108.33% at 2 mg/mL of the chloroform extract, respectively, and 34.33%, 43.08%, and 60.42% at 1 mg/mL and 74.63%, 70.77%, and 97.92% at 2 mg/mL of the methanol extract, respectively. However, the aqueous extract of A. squamosa showed relatively less activity against A. alternata and C. albicans (Fig. 2A and 2B, respectively), with percentage inhibition of 20.90% and 9.23% at 1 mg/mL and 43.28% and 33.85% at 2 mg/mL, respectively, whereas against F. solani, the aqueous extract exhibited intermediate effect (Fig. 2C) with percentage inhibition of 33.33% at 1 mg/mL and 64.58% at 2 mg/mL. Further, the methanolic and aqueous extracts showed maximum inhibitory activity against M. canis with percentage inhibition of 66.18% and 52.94% at 1 mg/mL and 72.06% and 67.65% at 2 mg/mL of the methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively, when compared with the chloroform extract (Fig. 2D) with percentage inhibition of 22.06% at 1 mg/mL and 41.18% at 2 mg/mL. All the three extracts exhibited similar effect against A. niger with percentage inhibitions of 31.08%, 25.86%, and 22.41% at 1 mg/mL and 81.03%, 77.59%, and 84.84% at 2 mg/mL of methanol, chloroform, and aqueous extracts, respectively, as shown in the Fig. 2E.
3.2 การประเมินต้านเชื้อรา3.2.1 วิธีแพร่ดี agarThe results of this study revealed that the leaves of A. squamosa possess potential antifungal activity against all five pathogenic fungal strains studied. The antifungal activity was determined using the agar well diffusion method by measuring the diameter of zone of inhibition and by calculating the percentage inhibition. The antifungal activity of the tested extracts showed different selectivity for each microorganism studied. Our analysis indicated that both chloroform and methanol extracts showed almost similar effect against A. alternata, C. albicans, and F. solani (Fig. 2A–2C, respectively) with percentage inhibition of 79.10%, 27.69%, and 91.67% at 1 mg/mL and 83.58%, 64.62%, and 108.33% at 2 mg/mL of the chloroform extract, respectively, and 34.33%, 43.08%, and 60.42% at 1 mg/mL and 74.63%, 70.77%, and 97.92% at 2 mg/mL of the methanol extract, respectively. However, the aqueous extract of A. squamosa showed relatively less activity against A. alternata and C. albicans (Fig. 2A and 2B, respectively), with percentage inhibition of 20.90% and 9.23% at 1 mg/mL and 43.28% and 33.85% at 2 mg/mL, respectively, whereas against F. solani, the aqueous extract exhibited intermediate effect (Fig. 2C) with percentage inhibition of 33.33% at 1 mg/mL and 64.58% at 2 mg/mL. Further, the methanolic and aqueous extracts showed maximum inhibitory activity against M. canis with percentage inhibition of 66.18% and 52.94% at 1 mg/mL and 72.06% and 67.65% at 2 mg/mL of the methanol and aqueous extracts, respectively, when compared with the chloroform extract (Fig. 2D) with percentage inhibition of 22.06% at 1 mg/mL and 41.18% at 2 mg/mL. All the three extracts exhibited similar effect against A. niger with percentage inhibitions of 31.08%, 25.86%, and 22.41% at 1 mg/mL and 81.03%, 77.59%, and 84.84% at 2 mg/mL of methanol, chloroform, and aqueous extracts, respectively, as shown in the Fig. 2E.
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