This means that the annual changes ‘∇’ in variable ‘X’ are analyzed
rather than raw data. The process whereby systematic variation within
a time series is eliminated before the examination of potential causal
relationships is referred to as ‘prewhitening’. This is subsequently
followed an inspection of the cross-correlation function in order to
estimate the association between the two prewhitened time series. It
was Box and Jenkins [12] who first proposed this particular method
for undertaking a time series analysis and it is commonly referred to
as ARIMA modeling. We used this model specification to estimate the
relationship between the time series alcoholism mortality and alcohol
consumption rates in this paper. In line with previous aggregate studies
[13-16] we estimated semi-logarithmic models with logged output. The
following model was estimated