Commercial grade Organophosphate (Malathion, Methamidophos), carbamate (Cartap) and pyrethroid (Cypermethrin) pesticides were purchased from local markets and used in the research study.
Because of low aqueous solubility of pesticides, a stock solution of Malathion (5.7 mg/ml), Methamidophos (10 mg/ml) and Cypermethrin (1 mg/ml) was prepared in GR grade methanol (Merck). However, Cartap solution (9.7 mg/ml) was prepared in sterile distilled water.