3D printing
Relevance for the logistic market:
The technological improvement and pending usage of 3D printers in the manufacturing process is expected to decrease transport and vehicle performance by reducing the distances due to the division of labour;
The discussion about if and to what extent 3D printing will influence the global economy ranges from expecting the “third industrial revolution” at the upper end to “no major influence” at the lower end. What is sure is that 3D printing is not expected to become a common sight in the next few years, but will certainly influence the logistics sector to some degree, although there are still some issue to be solved such as the high costs of materials and processes, as well as copyright.
Information and communication technologies (Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS))
Relevance for the logistic market:
Planning tools: Companies, shippers and logistics service providers have to make various decisions on different timescales in order to run their businesses. For the support of the decision process, several IT tools have been developed;
ICT in transportation/logistics: Transportation, on the other hand, has evolved from transporting goods from A to B towards an information-based flow of valuables from A to B. Information is - aside from transportation - one of the
most important elements in a competitive market for logistics service providers;
Supporting technologies: The group of supporting technologies covers applications like Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), barcode, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), magnetic inks, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), voice recognition, touch memory as well as smart cards;
Within ITS, the important technologies concern various systems related to many areas of traffic and transport as regards management, safety, information provision and monitoring94. With the ever-growing complexity of logistic chains and numerous partners involved, a smooth, common information system (e.g. tracking and tracing tools) becomes a pre-condition for managing the whole transport and logistic chain. This becomes even more important, since information systems increase transport safety, and facilitate customs procedures and short-term capacity planning at the transhipment points (in the case of multimodal transport chains).
R&D and innovative solutions for logistics
Relevance for the logistic market:
Given the relatively low net margins in this business, constant investments in innovative logistic processes can be seen as leverage for creating competitive advantages for logistics service providers. Thus, companies with an effective and efficient innovation management system can significantly decrease their logistics costs;
Fraunhofer comes to the conclusion that: "The new technologies can assist the 'Professionalization of logistics services'. In particular, 'Faster ticking clocks' require innovative applications that can mostly be realized only through new technologies to solve the resulting challenges. Moreover, as a result of the 'New service orientation', business models, which were previously unheard of, may appear, based on new technologies. Some of the 'New risks along the global supply chain' may even be mastered only with the help of new technologies" (Fraunhofer 2013).
Supply chain resilience
Relevance for the logistic market:
Supply chain resilience is directly linked to the improvement of logistics management, control and use of resources, and is expected to increase freight transport capacity, performance and reliability. It has become of crucial importance due to the increasing sensitivity of global supply chains.
3.2.5 Legal factors
Social regulation
Relevance for the logistic market:
This regulation contains a number of definitions (i.e. ”working time” or “periods of availability”) which, in the context of the current discussion regarding the daily problems at the loading ramps, are of crucial importance as unforeseen waiting times at the loading ramps might be counted as working time which, in turn, reduces the driver’s flexibility.
Safety and security regulations
Relevance for the logistic market:
The introduction of weights and dimensions of HGV transport in Europe affects the logistic and freight transport sector by ensuring the free movement of goods throughout Europe. It also limits gross vehicle weights and vehicle dimensions, and thus the respective types of loads, which influences the number of transport processes;
In general, the adaptation of European safety and security legislation as quoted above affects the logistic and freight transport sector’s overhead costs, as these regulations and directions will cause additional expenses with regards to freight transport equipment and drivers/operators. In addition to that, the legislation supports a fair competition for international transports within the European transport industry. At the same time it is disadvantageous for service providers of European LSP and their competitive positions for services outside the EU.
Administrative procedures
Relevance for the logistic market:
The complexity of the modern supply chain, the number of parties involved and the increasing volume of just-in-time deliveries require information on international trade transactions both for suppliers, carriers and buyers, as well as for customs and other border agencies. In the future, "Electronic exchange of information between customs administrations and between customs administrations and other authorities involved in the international movement of goods will make for more efficient and effective controls and, consequently, more efficient risk management and allocation of resources." (COM (2005)609).
3.2.6 Environmental factors
Fossil fuel scarcity and energy costs (freight transport energy usage)
Relevance for the logistic market:
Accordingly, past and future key challenges for the logistics sector are the increasing oil and energy prices, the need for more energy efficient and thus cleaner vehicles, as well as insecurity about the future supply of fossil fuel and energy demand developments. Governments, especially in Europe, are reacting to the decline of oil resources and their resulting dependency on oil exporting countries, focusing on energy efficiency and alternative energy sources. Strict emission limits should force hauliers to invest in new trucks because taxes and road charges are linked to these limits. Taxation on fuel is high and expected to further increase;
Nevertheless, it should also be kept in mind that alternative energy sources, like hydrogen or (natural) gas, are not automatically environmental friendly and often are not inherently competitive due to their prices. For instance, the production process of hydrogen (from gas) is not carbon neutral. While the production of hydrogen from real alternative energy sources (solar, wind, water, etc.) is environmental friendly, large scale applications of internal combustion are still far from possible;
The importance of alternative energy sources in comparison to fossil energy sources (oil, gas, coal) for transport and production will increase. Taxation advantages for alternatively powered vehicles are expected to have a positive impact, resulting in a higher vehicle share in the future and thus technologies as hybrid, electronic and hydrogen propulsion will play an important role.
R
aw material scarcity
Relevance for the logistic market:
According to RBSC114, the global demand for food and agricultural products will increase due to growing population and per capita food consumption. But the growth rate of world agriculture production will fall to 1.5% p.a. in comparison to 2.1-2.3% p.a. over the past four decades. In addition, the global food production is expected to fall by 2030 due to projected changes in the ecosystems due to climate change;
Raw material scarcity constitutes a challenge of increasing importance for manufacturers and industries, e.g. in 2012 63% of companies expected to face scarcity for their own raw materials in the next 5 years, rising to 75% within the next 10 years and above115;
In developed countries the demand for agricultural products is expected to slightly increase (2010-2030: 6.1%). Furthermore the dependence on imported raw materials will increase up to 2030. Prices will increase significantly as well, not least for minor and specialty metals that are particularly used in the high-tech sector116.
Transport-related emissions and climate change (Type approval of EURO VI heavy duty vehicles)
Relevance for the logistics market:
Considering the growing relative share and absolute volumes of transport and its related emissions for the total GHG effect, it is evident that logistic activities, mainly transport, are significantly influencing climate change. Climate change is assumed to negatively influence the amount and intensity of natural disasters. In turn, natural disasters are negatively affecting the operation of supply chains;
The abovementioned transport policies affect the logistic sector and respective transport services negatively, as transport prices for the same services will increase, due to higher statutory requirements regarding vehicle/engine emission standards and thus investment costs;
The reduction of fuel consumption by more aerodynamic, long-distance road haulage trucks will entail a very important economic and environmental contribution. These trucks allow for saving approximately € 5,000 per year in fuel costs for a typical long-distance lorry covering 100,000 km. In addition, the transport of 45' containers and higher gross vehicle weights (44 tonnes) is currently allowed in combined transport. In theory, the bigger the loading capacity of any transport mean, the less vehicle-km and emissions per tonne transported. Nevertheless, it can be assu
พิมพ์ 3 มิติเกี่ยวข้องในตลาดโลจิสติก: ปรับปรุงเทคโนโลยี The และรอการใช้ 3D เครื่องพิมพ์ในกระบวนการผลิตคาดว่าจะลดประสิทธิภาพของยานพาหนะและขนส่ง โดยลดระยะทางจากกองแรงงาน The สนทนาว่า และสิ่งพิมพ์ 3 มิติขอบเขตจะมีผลต่อเศรษฐกิจโลกช่วงจาก "สามการปฏิวัติอุตสาหกรรม" ด้านท้ายจะ "ไม่มีอิทธิพลที่สำคัญ" การคาดหวังที่ต่ำสุด แน่คือ ว่า พิมพ์ 3D ไม่คาดว่าจะเป็น สายตาทั่วไปในไม่กี่ปีถัดไป แต่จะแน่นอนมีผลต่อภาคโลจิสติกส์กับ แม้ว่าจะยังคงมีปัญหาบางอย่างได้รับการแก้ไขเช่นต้นทุนที่สูงของวัสดุ และกระบวนการ เป็นลิขสิทธิ์ เทคโนโลยีข้อมูลและการสื่อสาร (อัจฉริยะขนส่งระบบ (ของ))เกี่ยวข้องในตลาดโลจิสติก: เครื่องมือ Planning: บริษัท ผู้ขนส่ง และโลจิสติกส์ผู้ให้บริการจะต้องทำตัดสินใจต่าง ๆ บน timescales ต่าง ๆ เพื่อทำธุรกิจของพวกเขา สำหรับสนับสนุนการตัดสินใจ เครื่องมือไอทีต่าง ๆ ได้รับการพัฒนา ICT ในการขนส่ง/โลจิสติกส์: ขนส่ง ในทางกลับกัน มีพัฒนาจากการขนส่งสินค้าจาก A ไป B ต่อมีจาก A B. ข้อมูลกระแสข้อมูลเที่ยว - นอกเหนือจากการขนส่ง - การ องค์ประกอบที่สำคัญที่สุดในตลาดการแข่งขันสำหรับผู้ให้บริการโลจิสติกส์ Supporting technologies: The group of supporting technologies covers applications like Radio Frequency Identification (RFID), barcode, Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), magnetic inks, Optical Character Recognition (OCR), voice recognition, touch memory as well as smart cards; Within ITS, the important technologies concern various systems related to many areas of traffic and transport as regards management, safety, information provision and monitoring94. With the ever-growing complexity of logistic chains and numerous partners involved, a smooth, common information system (e.g. tracking and tracing tools) becomes a pre-condition for managing the whole transport and logistic chain. This becomes even more important, since information systems increase transport safety, and facilitate customs procedures and short-term capacity planning at the transhipment points (in the case of multimodal transport chains). R&D and innovative solutions for logisticsRelevance for the logistic market: Given the relatively low net margins in this business, constant investments in innovative logistic processes can be seen as leverage for creating competitive advantages for logistics service providers. Thus, companies with an effective and efficient innovation management system can significantly decrease their logistics costs; Fraunhofer comes to the conclusion that: "The new technologies can assist the 'Professionalization of logistics services'. In particular, 'Faster ticking clocks' require innovative applications that can mostly be realized only through new technologies to solve the resulting challenges. Moreover, as a result of the 'New service orientation', business models, which were previously unheard of, may appear, based on new technologies. Some of the 'New risks along the global supply chain' may even be mastered only with the help of new technologies" (Fraunhofer 2013). Supply chain resilienceRelevance for the logistic market: Supply chain resilience is directly linked to the improvement of logistics management, control and use of resources, and is expected to increase freight transport capacity, performance and reliability. It has become of crucial importance due to the increasing sensitivity of global supply chains. 3.2.5 Legal factors Social regulationRelevance for the logistic market: This regulation contains a number of definitions (i.e. ”working time” or “periods of availability”) which, in the context of the current discussion regarding the daily problems at the loading ramps, are of crucial importance as unforeseen waiting times at the loading ramps might be counted as working time which, in turn, reduces the driver’s flexibility. Safety and security regulationsRelevance for the logistic market: The introduction of weights and dimensions of HGV transport in Europe affects the logistic and freight transport sector by ensuring the free movement of goods throughout Europe. It also limits gross vehicle weights and vehicle dimensions, and thus the respective types of loads, which influences the number of transport processes; In general, the adaptation of European safety and security legislation as quoted above affects the logistic and freight transport sector’s overhead costs, as these regulations and directions will cause additional expenses with regards to freight transport equipment and drivers/operators. In addition to that, the legislation supports a fair competition for international transports within the European transport industry. At the same time it is disadvantageous for service providers of European LSP and their competitive positions for services outside the EU. Administrative proceduresRelevance for the logistic market: The complexity of the modern supply chain, the number of parties involved and the increasing volume of just-in-time deliveries require information on international trade transactions both for suppliers, carriers and buyers, as well as for customs and other border agencies. In the future, "Electronic exchange of information between customs administrations and between customs administrations and other authorities involved in the international movement of goods will make for more efficient and effective controls and, consequently, more efficient risk management and allocation of resources." (COM (2005)609). 3.2.6 Environmental factors Fossil fuel scarcity and energy costs (freight transport energy usage)Relevance for the logistic market: Accordingly, past and future key challenges for the logistics sector are the increasing oil and energy prices, the need for more energy efficient and thus cleaner vehicles, as well as insecurity about the future supply of fossil fuel and energy demand developments. Governments, especially in Europe, are reacting to the decline of oil resources and their resulting dependency on oil exporting countries, focusing on energy efficiency and alternative energy sources. Strict emission limits should force hauliers to invest in new trucks because taxes and road charges are linked to these limits. Taxation on fuel is high and expected to further increase; Nevertheless, it should also be kept in mind that alternative energy sources, like hydrogen or (natural) gas, are not automatically environmental friendly and often are not inherently competitive due to their prices. For instance, the production process of hydrogen (from gas) is not carbon neutral. While the production of hydrogen from real alternative energy sources (solar, wind, water, etc.) is environmental friendly, large scale applications of internal combustion are still far from possible;
The importance of alternative energy sources in comparison to fossil energy sources (oil, gas, coal) for transport and production will increase. Taxation advantages for alternatively powered vehicles are expected to have a positive impact, resulting in a higher vehicle share in the future and thus technologies as hybrid, electronic and hydrogen propulsion will play an important role.
R
aw material scarcity
Relevance for the logistic market:
According to RBSC114, the global demand for food and agricultural products will increase due to growing population and per capita food consumption. But the growth rate of world agriculture production will fall to 1.5% p.a. in comparison to 2.1-2.3% p.a. over the past four decades. In addition, the global food production is expected to fall by 2030 due to projected changes in the ecosystems due to climate change;
Raw material scarcity constitutes a challenge of increasing importance for manufacturers and industries, e.g. in 2012 63% of companies expected to face scarcity for their own raw materials in the next 5 years, rising to 75% within the next 10 years and above115;
In developed countries the demand for agricultural products is expected to slightly increase (2010-2030: 6.1%). Furthermore the dependence on imported raw materials will increase up to 2030. Prices will increase significantly as well, not least for minor and specialty metals that are particularly used in the high-tech sector116.
Transport-related emissions and climate change (Type approval of EURO VI heavy duty vehicles)
Relevance for the logistics market:
Considering the growing relative share and absolute volumes of transport and its related emissions for the total GHG effect, it is evident that logistic activities, mainly transport, are significantly influencing climate change. Climate change is assumed to negatively influence the amount and intensity of natural disasters. In turn, natural disasters are negatively affecting the operation of supply chains;
The abovementioned transport policies affect the logistic sector and respective transport services negatively, as transport prices for the same services will increase, due to higher statutory requirements regarding vehicle/engine emission standards and thus investment costs;
The reduction of fuel consumption by more aerodynamic, long-distance road haulage trucks will entail a very important economic and environmental contribution. These trucks allow for saving approximately € 5,000 per year in fuel costs for a typical long-distance lorry covering 100,000 km. In addition, the transport of 45' containers and higher gross vehicle weights (44 tonnes) is currently allowed in combined transport. In theory, the bigger the loading capacity of any transport mean, the less vehicle-km and emissions per tonne transported. Nevertheless, it can be assu
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