Other studies have examined the effectiveness of high-intensity SM courses,
which are primarily designed for teaching SM. Rakos and Grodek (1984)
compared a high-intensity SM course (n = 20) with two other general psychology
courses: time control (n = 45) and expectancy control (n = 27).
Participants in the expectancy control group were asked to change a targeted
behavior by the end of the course, whereas no such expectations were asked
of participants in the time control group.