The main difficulty with ‘‘knowledge management’’ nowadays arises, according to Senge
(1999), fromthe incapacity inherent to theWestern way of thinking tomake a difference between
the notions of information and knowledge, which consequentially leads to the separation of
knowledge from acting. Information is a datum with relevance for the recipient (Bateson, 1979),
which represents the active role of a human being when converting data into information:
Data is the raw material for producing information. Data processing is concerned with the
screening, collation, arranging, summarizing and reporting of that data. The output is information
– data or facts processed such that they are now meaningful and relevant to the recipient’s needs
(Watts, 1996, p. 138).