India, the already grossly under-funded public health system faced a further squeeze with the neoliberal economic reforms of 1991 Bismarck model that exists in large parts of continental Europe (a similar model was also extended to other countries such as Australia, Canada, Japan and, more recently, Singapore and South Korea) and the Beveridge model in the UK, which emerged after World War II. The Bismarck model, nowadays typically known as social health insurance, pooled health funds contributed by the state, employers and employees in a common fund, while health care was provided by a mix of public and private facilities. he Beveridge model was tax-based. Primary care was provided by a network of general practitioners, and secondary and tertiary services by public institutions. The general practitioners, while not technically government employees, were tightly bound to the system through contracts with the National Health System. The Semashko system, which existed in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, was state-funded and care provision was the sole prerogative of state-run facilities. Both the Bismarck and the Beveridge models explicitly recognized the role of social solidarity, while devising different ways to fund health care.