Despite this widespread belief of a connection between drugs and violence, in a recent review of the state of drug-violence research, MacCoun, Kilmer, and Reuter (2002) suggested that the large body of literature discussing the interaction between drugs and violence (especially at places) leaves many questions unanswered. The majority of this research has focused on the drug-crime nexus at the level of the individual—how drug activity (use or sales) affects, causes, or exacerbate a person's criminality