The plant hormone auxin is an important player for interkingdom communication in the rhizosphere. It is not only a crucial signaling molecule for plant biology, but it is also an ancient signaling molecule used by microorganisms. Auxin acts as a bacterial and a fungal signaling molecule, facilitating the evolution of interkingdom communication. As a consequence of the polar auxin transport in plants, auxins derived from bacteria and filamentous fungi living in the rhizosphere initiate several growth and developmental processes such as root hair initiation and tip growth, lateral root formation, and the plasticity of root system architecture.
As mentioned, key evolutionary innovations of vascular plants—the formation of vascular system and true roots—were associated with the invention of plasma membrane-associated PINs that exported auxin out of cells. This allowed synaptic communication through signal-mediated release of auxin into the synaptic space between two adjacent cells connected via a synaptic cell–cell adhesion domain. Besides increasing the number of synaptic PINs, which is higher in more evolved monocot species such as maize, rice, and Sorghum in comparison with dicot species such as Arabidopsis, the highest number of synaptic PINs is active in root apices where two inverted fountains of polar auxin transport determine the formation and maintenance of the transition zone. The monocot-specific PINs of classes 9 and 10 are expressed in root apices too, and prove to be involved in the formation and development of adventitious roots. The complexity of root systems is higher in monocots than in dicots, which indicates that plants and roots continue to evolve very rapidly.
The plant hormone auxin is an important player for interkingdom communication in the rhizosphere. It is not only a crucial signaling molecule for plant biology, but it is also an ancient signaling molecule used by microorganisms. Auxin acts as a bacterial and a fungal signaling molecule, facilitating the evolution of interkingdom communication. As a consequence of the polar auxin transport in plants, auxins derived from bacteria and filamentous fungi living in the rhizosphere initiate several growth and developmental processes such as root hair initiation and tip growth, lateral root formation, and the plasticity of root system architecture.As mentioned, key evolutionary innovations of vascular plants—the formation of vascular system and true roots—were associated with the invention of plasma membrane-associated PINs that exported auxin out of cells. This allowed synaptic communication through signal-mediated release of auxin into the synaptic space between two adjacent cells connected via a synaptic cell–cell adhesion domain. Besides increasing the number of synaptic PINs, which is higher in more evolved monocot species such as maize, rice, and Sorghum in comparison with dicot species such as Arabidopsis, the highest number of synaptic PINs is active in root apices where two inverted fountains of polar auxin transport determine the formation and maintenance of the transition zone. The monocot-specific PINs of classes 9 and 10 are expressed in root apices too, and prove to be involved in the formation and development of adventitious roots. The complexity of root systems is higher in monocots than in dicots, which indicates that plants and roots continue to evolve very rapidly.
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