Texture profile analysis (TPA) was performed in a TA-XT.plus Texture Analyzer (Texture Technologies Corp., Scarsdale, NY) and attributes were calculated as described by Bourne (1978). Four determinations per formulation of frankfurter (diameter 2.5 cm,height 2.0 cm) were compressed to 40% of their original height.Force–time deformation curves were derived with a 250 N load cell
applied at a constant crosshead speed of 0.8 mm/s.