With the dramatic decline in human immunodeficiency
virus (HIV)-related mortality resulting from advances in
combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) and the longer life expectancy and aging of HIV-infected
persons, there is growing concern about an increased
burden of certain cancers, particularly infection-related
cancers such as anal cancer. Meta-analyses have reported
that anal cancer incidence rates are 30 times as
high for HIV-infected individuals compared with the
general population [1, 2], although incidence rate estimates
from individual studies have varied widely
from 18 to 149 cases per 100 000 person-years [3–10].